heart attack sign symptom

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSpK3EfdgWI

 for more information click the link and see video

rubela sign symptom

https://https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-YK_i1cy3Ggwww.youtube.com/watch?v=7owypReSPEY




seee thAT VIDEO AND SUBCRIBE MY CHnnell for more video

rubbela sign symptom treatment and coplecation

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWQBobGwATo

what is constipation dietry life style change usese laxitiv and other madication

Constipation occurs when you have fewer than three bowel movements in a week, or have bowel movements that contain hard, dry stools that are difficult or even painful to pass.

In some cases, constipation makes it feel as though you're unable to completely empty your bowels.

Treatment for constipation depends on its severity, duration (acute or chronic), and cause — which can include a range of factors, from a low-fiber diet to medications to other health issues.

Dietary and Lifestyle Changes

Lack of fiber in the diet is often the cause of constipation.

The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics recommends that adults get 25 to 38 grams of dietary fiber each day.

But only 5 percent of the population actually reaches this goal, with the average intake being just 17 grams per day, according to a 2015 report in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.

Getting the right amount of fiber — through eating more fruits, vegetables, beans, and whole-grain cereals and breads — can help alleviate constipation.

Regularly drinking water and other healthy beverages is also important for constipation relief, as the liquid can help make fiber more effective at maintaining regularity, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).

Other lifestyle changes can also help relieve or prevent constipation, including:

• Exercising regularly
• Trying to have a bowel movement at the same time every day, such as 15 to 45 minutes after breakfast (eating stimulates colon activity)
• Reserving enough time to have a bowel movement
• Not resisting the urge to have a bowel movement

Laxatives and Other Medications

If dietary and lifestyle changes alone are unable to fully relieve constipation, laxatives may help — but you shouldn't take any constipation medications before discussing your options with your doctor.

Commonly used laxatives include:

• Bulk-forming laxatives, such as Citrucel (methyl cellulose), FiberCon (polycarbophil), and Metamucil (psyllium), which absorb fluid in your intestines
• Osmotic and saline laxatives, such as Miralax (polyethylene glycol), Cephulac (lactulose), and Milk of Magnesia (magnesium hydroxide), which draw more water into the intestines and stool
• Stool softeners, such as Colace or Surfak (docusate), which help moisten stool to reduce the strain of bowel movements
• Lubricants, such as Fleet or Zymenol (mineral oil), which grease the stool to allow it to move more easily through the intestines

If your constipation is severe or other laxatives are ineffective, stimulant laxatives may help.

These medications, which include Senokot (senna or sennosides) and Dulcolax or Correctol (bisacodyl), cause the muscles lining the intestines to contract.

If you have chronic constipation from irritable bowel syndrome, your doctor may prescribe other drugs, such as the chloride channel activator Amitiza (lubiprostone) or the guanylate cyclase-C agonist Linzess (linaclotide).

Surgery and Other Procedures

If you have chronic constipation caused by a bowel obstruction, your doctor may recommend surgery or other procedures to help treat the condition.

A possible complication of constipation is rectal prolapse, which occurs when part of the rectum sticks out of the anus, further blocking your ability to empty your bowels.

Surgery is often necessary to correct rectal prolapse.

If your colon muscles don't work properly — a condition called colonic inertia, or slow-transit constipation — your doctor may need to remove your colon.

Chronic constipation is sometimes caused by a dysfunction of the anorectal muscles.

Your doctor may recommend biofeedback, a procedure that involves monitoring muscle activity with special sensors, to retrain your muscles to work properly.

dengue information in urdo

PREVENTION BY MOSQUITO CONTROL

Prevention by Mosquito Control

The best way to reduce mosquitoes is to eliminate the places where the mosquito lays her eggs, like artificial containers that hold water in and around the home (see figure 2, video 2 and 3). In urban areas, Aedes mosquitos breed on water collections in artificial containers such as plastic cups, used tires, broken bottles, flower pots, etc (see also transmission of dengue). Periodic draining or removal of artificial containers is the most effective way of reducing the breeding grounds for mosquitos. Larvicide treatment is another effective way to control the vector larvae but the larvicide chosen should be long-lasting and preferably. There are some very effective insect growth regulators (IGRs) available which are both safe and long-lasting (e.g. pyriproxyfen). For reducing the adult mosquito load, fogging with insecticide is somewhat effective.
To eliminate standing water:
- Unclog roof gutters;
- Empty children's wading pools at least once a week;
- Change water in birdbaths at least weekly;
- Get rid of old tires in your yard, as they collect standing water;
- Empty unused containers, such as flower pots, regularly or store them upside down;
- Drain any collected water from afire pit regularly.


Figure 2: Check for Aedes mosquito breeding in your home. Source: National Environmental Agency, Singapore. (Click on image to enlarge)
Natural control - Mesocyclops
In 1998, scientists from the Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) in Australia and Vietnam's Ministry of Health introduced a scheme that encouraged children to place a water bug, the crustacean Mesocyclops, in water tanks and discarded containers where the Aedes aegypti mosquito was known to thrive. This method is viewed as being more cost-effective and more environmentally friendly than pesticides, though not as effective, and requires the continuing participation of the community.
Even though this method of mosquito control was successful in rural provinces, not much is known about how effective it could be if applied to cities and urban areas. The Mesocyclops can survive and breed in large water containers, but would not be able to do so in small containers of which most urban area have within their homes. Also, Mesocyclops are hosts for the guinea worm, a pathogen that causes a parasite infection, and so this method of mosquito control cannot be used in countries that are still susceptible to the guinea worm. The biggest dilemma with Mesocyclops is that its success depends on the participation of the community. This idea of a possible parasite bearing creature in household water containers dissuades people from continuing the process of inoculation, and without the support and work of everyone living in the city, this method would not be successful.

WHAT IS DENGUE TRETMENT SIGN SYMPTOM

• Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection.
• The infection causes flu-like illness, and occasionally develops into a potentially lethal complication called severe dengue.
• The global incidence of dengue has grown dramatically in recent decades. About half of the world's population is now at risk.
• Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical climates worldwide, mostly in urban and semi-urban areas.
• Severe dengue is a leading cause of serious illness and death among children in some Asian and Latin American countries.
• There is no specific treatment for dengue/ severe dengue, but early detection and access to proper medical care lowers fatality rates below 1%.
• Dengue prevention and control depends on effective vector control measures.
• A dengue vaccine has been licensed by several National Regulatory Authorities for use in people 9-45 years of age living in endemic settings.

---

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has rapidly spread in all regions of WHO in recent years. Dengue virus is transmitted by female mosquitoes mainly of the species Aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, Ae. albopictus. This mosquito also transmits chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika infection. Dengue is widespread throughout the tropics, with local variations in risk influenced by rainfall, temperature and unplanned rapid urbanization.

Severe dengue (also known as Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever) was first recognized in the 1950s during dengue epidemics in the Philippines and Thailand. Today, severe dengue affects most Asian and Latin American countries and has become a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children and adults in these regions.

There are 4 distinct, but closely related, serotypes of the virus that cause dengue (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4). Recovery from infection by one provides lifelong immunity against that particular serotype. However, cross-immunity to the other serotypes after recovery is only partial and temporary. Subsequent infections by other serotypes increase the risk of developing severe dengue.

Global burden of dengue

The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades. The actual numbers of dengue cases are underreported and many cases are misclassified. One recent estimate indicates 390 million dengue infections per year (95% credible interval 284–528 million), of which 96 million (67–136 million) manifest clinically (with any severity of disease).1 Another study, of the prevalence of dengue, estimates that 3.9 billion people, in 128 countries, are at risk of infection with dengue viruses.2

Member States in 3 WHO regions regularly report the annual number of cases.. The number of cases reported increased from 2.2 million in 2010 to 3.2 million in 2015. Although the full global burden of the disease is uncertain, the initiation of activities to record all dengue cases partly explains the sharp increase in the number of cases reported in recent years.

Other features of the disease include its epidemiological patterns, including hyper-endemicity of multiple dengue virus serotypes in many countries and the alarming impact on both human health and the global and national economies.

Before 1970, only 9 countries had experienced severe dengue epidemics. The disease is now endemic in more than 100 countries in the WHO regions of Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. The America, South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions are the most seriously affected.

Cases across the Americas, South-East Asia and Western Pacific exceeded 1.2 million in 2008 and over 3.2 million in 2015 (based on official data submitted by Member States). Recently the number of reported cases has continued to increase. In 2015, 2.35 million cases of dengue were reported in the Americas alone, of which 10 200 cases were diagnosed as severe dengue causing 1181 deaths.

Not only is the number of cases increasing as the disease spreads to new areas, but explosive outbreaks are occurring. The threat of a possible outbreak of dengue fever now exists in Europe as local transmission was reported for the first time in France and Croatia in 2010 and imported cases were detected in 3 other European countries. In 2012, an outbreak of dengue on the Madeira islands of Portugal resulted in over 2 000 cases and imported cases were detected in mainland Portugal and 10 other countries in Europe. Among travellers returning from low- and middle-income countries, dengue is the second most diagnosed cause of fever after malaria.

In 2013, cases have occurred in Florida (United States of America) and Yunnan province of China. Dengue also continues to affect several South American countries, notably Costa Rica, Honduras and Mexico. In Asia, Singapore has reported an increase in cases after a lapse of several years and outbreaks have also been reported in Laos. In 2014, trends indicate increases in the number of cases in the People's Republic of China, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Malaysia and Vanuatu, with Dengue Type 3 (DEN 3) affecting the Pacific Island countries after a lapse of over 10 years. Dengue was also reported in Japan after a lapse of over 70 years.

In 2015, Delhi, India, recorded its worst outbreak since 2006 with over 15 000 cases. The Island of Hawaii, United States of America, was affected by an outbreak with 181 cases reported in 2015 and ongoing transmission in 2016. The Pacific island countries of Fiji, Tonga and French Polynesia have continued to record cases.

The year 2016 was characterized by large dengue outbreaks worldwide. The Region of the Americas region reported more than 2.38 million cases in 2016, where Brazil alone contributed slightly less than 1.5 million cases, approximately 3 times higher than in 2014. 1032 dengue deaths were also reported in the region. The Western Pacific Region reported more than 375 000 suspected cases of dengue in 2016, of which the Philippines reported 176 411 and Malaysia 100 028 cases, representing a similar burden to the previous year for both countries. The Solomon Islands declared an outbreak with more than 7000 suspected. In the African Region, Burkina Faso reported a localized outbreak of dengue with 1061 probable cases.

In 2017 (as of Epidemiological Week 11), the Region of Americas have reported 50 172 cases of dengue fever, a reduction as compared with corresponding periods in previous years. The Western Pacific Region has reported dengue outbreaks in several Member States in the Pacific, as well as the circulation of DENV-1 and DENV-2 serotypes.

• Number of Reported Cases of Dengue and Severe Dengue (SD) in the Americas, Epidemiological Week 11 (2017)
  pdf, 61kb

An estimated 500 000 people with severe dengue require hospitalization each year, and about 2.5% of those affected die.

Transmission

The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the primary vector of dengue. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female mosquitoes. After virus incubation for 4–10 days, an infected mosquito is capable of transmitting the virus for the rest of its life.

Infected symptomatic or asymptomatic humans are the main carriers and multipliers of the virus, serving as a source of the virus for uninfected mosquitoes. Patients who are already infected with the dengue virus can transmit the infection (for 4–5 days; maximum 12) via Aedes mosquitoes after their first symptoms appear.

The Aedes aegypti mosquito lives in urban habitats and breeds mostly in man-made containers. Unlike other mosquitoes Ae. aegypti is a day-time feeder; its peak biting periods are early in the morning and in the evening before dusk. Female Ae. aegyptibites multiple people during each feeding period.

Aedes albopictus, a secondary dengue vector in Asia, has spread to North America and more than 25 countries in the European Region, largely due to the international trade in used tyres (a breeding habitat) and other goods (e.g. lucky bamboo). Ae. albopictus is highly adaptive and, therefore, can survive in cooler temperate regions of Europe. Its spread is due to its tolerance to temperatures below freezing, hibernation, and ability to shelter in microhabitats.

Characteristics

Dengue fever is a severe, flu-like illness that affects infants, young children and adults, but seldom causes death.

Dengue should be suspected when a high fever (40°C/104°F) is accompanied by 2 of the following symptoms: severe headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle and joint pains, nausea, vomiting, swollen glands or rash. Symptoms usually last for 2–7 days, after an incubation period of 4–10 days after the bite from an infected mosquito.

Severe dengue is a potentially deadly complication due to plasma leaking, fluid accumulation, respiratory distress, severe bleeding, or organ impairment. Warning signs occur 3–7 days after the first symptoms in conjunction with a decrease in temperature (below 38°C/100°F) and include: severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, rapid breathing, bleeding gums, fatigue, restlessness and blood in vomit. The next 24–48 hours of the critical stage can be lethal; proper medical care is needed to avoid complications and risk of death.

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for dengue fever.

For severe dengue, medical care by physicians and nurses experienced with the effects and progression of the disease can save lives – decreasing mortality rates from more than 20% to less than 1%. Maintenance of the patient's body fluid volume is critical to severe dengue care.

Immunization

In late 2015 and early 2016, the first dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV) by Sanofi Pasteur, was registered in several countries for use in individuals 9-45 years of age living in endemic areas.

WHO recommends that countries should consider introduction of the dengue vaccine CYD-TDV only in geographic settings (national or subnational) where epidemiological data indicate a high burden of disease. Complete recommendations may be found in the WHO position paper on dengue:

• Dengue vaccine: WHO position paper – July 2016
  pdf, 437kb

Other tetravalent live-attenuated vaccines are under development in phase III clinical trials, and other vaccine candidates (based on subunit, DNA and purified inactivated virus platforms) are at earlier stages of clinical development. WHO provides technical advice and guidance to countries and private partners to support vaccine research and evaluation.

Prevention and control

At present, the main method to control or prevent the transmission of dengue virus is to combat vector mosquitoes through:

• preventing mosquitoes from accessing egg-laying habitats by environmental management and modification;
• disposing of solid waste properly and removing artificial man-made habitats;
• covering, emptying and cleaning of domestic water storage containers on a weekly basis;
• applying appropriate insecticides to water storage outdoor containers;
• using of personal household protection such as window screens, long-sleeved clothes, insecticide treated materials, coils and vaporizers;
• improving community participation and mobilization for sustained vector control;
• applying insecticides as space spraying during outbreaks as one of the emergency vector-control measures;
• active monitoring and surveillance of vectors should be carried out to determine effectiveness of control interventions.

Careful clinical detection and management of dengue patients can significantly reduce mortality rates from severe dengue.

• Global Strategy for dengue prevention and control, 2012–2020, Chapter 2

WHO response

WHO responds to dengue in the following ways:

• supports countries in the confirmation of outbreaks through its collaborating network of laboratories;
• provides technical support and guidance to countries for the effective management of dengue outbreaks;
• supports countries to improve their reporting systems and capture the true burden of the disease;
• provides training on clinical management, diagnosis and vector control at the regional level with some of its collaborating centres;
• formulates evidence-based strategies and policies;
• develops new tools, including insecticide products and application technologies;
• gathers official records of dengue and severe dengue from over 100 Member States; and
• publishes guidelines and handbooks for case management, diagnosis, dengue prevention and control for Member States.

---

1 Bhatt S, Gething PW, Brady OJ, Messina JP, Farlow AW, Moyes CL et.al. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature;496:504-507.

2 Brady OJ, Gething PW, Bhatt S, Messina JP, Brownstein JS, Hoen AG et al. Refining the global spatial limits of dengue virus transmission by evidence-based consensus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1760. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001760.

dengue symptom sign

what is haemorrhage treatment

haemorrhage

               to stop haemorrhage from the wound ,first of all we have inspect weather there is some foreign body in the wound .such is pieces of glass or broken bone . or pieces of sand etc. if something such is seen , it should be remove carefully . regarding stoppage of bleeding the bleeded part should be elevated and pressure is applied locally and proximally to the point of injury . local pressure may be given with the palm of hand and with anything like a handkerchief . proximal pressure to the point  of injury is given either by a tourniquet or by pieces of cloth . it is important that the time of tying the tourniquet should be noted  . pressure should be perodically released afterevery teen minutes to see if the bleeding has stopped .A dressing in a proper way should be done to ensure complete stopped of haemorrhage 

treatment

try to stop haemorrhage by pressure technique ,,,,,cap or injection transamin used ,,,,iv line should be miantained ,,, blood transfusion is necessary in case of sever bleeding ,,,,,treatment of hypovolamic shock may be given . check B P pulse cardiac rhythum .. symptomatic treatment may be done .........................